Essay On Stem Cell Therapy - 814 Words

†¢ Hai Nguyen, Aileen Anderson and colleagues: carried a similar exercise on injured mice to record tremendous success of the donor cells in a period ranging immediately after the induction process to at most one month (Society for Neuroscience. 2017). †¢ Scientists from the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles CA: highlighted the need for stem therapy in replacing aging heart muscles using rats (Paddock, 2017). The induced cells were able to grow and multiply thus repair the heart muscles of the older rats to improve the general body functioning. Despite the breathtaking discoveries as tested and presented by these scientists, ethical concerns have prevailed to the dismay of an excited global scientists’ fraternity. The general†¦show more content†¦As a result, the situation provides conflict of interest, especially when such an adult/ guardian is the patient in need. Lo and Parham argument regarding Embryonic stem cell research bears the same weight with regards to children because the advocates for or against the practice are adults thus leaving the children vulnerable, as the potential donors. The excitement surrounding Stem Cell Research is magnified through mainstream media that often cares about moving volumes in sales rather than realistically highlight the caution or reservations pronounced by scientists. However, Sharon Begley is exemplary in her revelation of a high-risk gap in research that links Stem Cell Studies to development or transmission of cancer (2017). Most research initiatives adopt a subjective operation that intends to consider side-effects only after the desired findings are confirmed a success. That is the reason most research reports spend limited time on challenges and often use the loophole of proposing ‘future studies’, to cover the potential weaknesses of their current work. Such is the case of the human embryonic stem cell lines under the custody of the National Institute of Health as sampled by Harvard Scientists (Begley, 2017). The samples are intended for active therapy and also future research on application in treating disease s including; Parkinson’s disease, macular degeneration and diabetes.Show MoreRelated Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes, or fully named Diabetes Mellitus is when a person has high blood sugar and that is cause by the lack of insulin produced by the pancreas or it is when the cells do not respond to the insulin produced, it is also according to the type of diabetes that the cause may be different from others. There are two types of diabetes, type 1 and 2. Type 2 diabetes is mostly common found in adults, to reduce the glucose level, the subject can change diet or have a lot of exercise or if that doesn’t workRead MoreStem Cell Therapy Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing at accelerated pace. A lot of research areas had emerged for that purpose including one of the most fascinating and highly active areas at present, stem cells therapies. Due to self-renewal property and differentiation capability of stem cell, it becomes a new hope in modern treatment. The first successful case of stem cell therapy in human was reported in 1959. Bone marrow restorations were observed in leukemia patients who received total body irradiation subsequent by intravenous injectionRead MoreStem Cell Gene Therapy Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (HSC GT) has emerged as an innovative strategy to cure several primary immunodeficiency disorders such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS). The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an â€Å"X-linked, complex primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the WAS gene and is characterized by recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia, eczema, autoimmunity and an increased risk of lymphoma† (1). Severe WAS can leadRead MoreStem Cell Therapy Project Essay examples678 Words   |  3 PagesINVESTIGATING BIOTECHNOLOGY Stem Cell Therapy Project Stem Cell Therapy Definition Stem cell therapy is the use of a person’s own stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. A form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years is bone marrow transplants. Application 1. Medical Uses Bone-marrow has been used to treat patients with cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. This is the most common form of stem cell therapy and has been used for over 30 years. ChemotherapyRead MoreStem Cell Therapy for Heart Failure Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloped the uses of stem cell therapy to heal the damage caused by heart attack. This therapy is still at the trial stage where they examined the safety of treating scars and cardiac tissue damage using stem cells. Stem Cell Therapy for Heart Failure This therapy is said to be a promising therapy for heart failure patients as stem cell therapy uses stem cell derived from the patient and thereby it is not at risk of being rejected from the body immune system. Several stem cell therapy researches haveRead MoreParkinson s Disease As A Medical Condition1437 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature. It wasn’t until 1817 that a London doctor, named James Parkinson, wrote a detailed medical essay on this disease. This essay established Parkinson’s disease as a recognized medical condition. He based the essay off of six cases he had observed previously and hoped that it would encourage others to study the disease. No such research was performed until finally, sixty years after Parkinson’s essay was published, a French neurologist named Jean Charcot studied the disease and was the first toRead MoreStem Cells Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas provided us with a hope for these diseases. This essay will address the issue of co ntroversial research in stem cells. This technology offers hope to millions who are victims of a multitude of diseases and disorders. It can be used to regrow limbs, create organs, attack genetic diseases, treat malfunctioning bladders, etc. However, this same technology is also one of the most controversial debates in science today. If you type â€Å"stem cells research† into your Google search bar, you will most likelyRead MoreResearch Essay : Stem Cell Research961 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Essay Erica Ford In recent years, there has been a lot more talk about stem cell research than ever before. The idea of stem cells arose in the 1960 s, with the first successful bone marrow transplant in 1968. Now, stem cell research is a widely known topic in biotechnology and shows a substantial amount of scientific promise. The future of stem cell research and the impact it could have follows with many questions on people s minds, as well the simple curiosity of what stem cellsRead More Stem Cells: What How and Why? Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pages Stem Cells: What, How and Why? Stem cells are infinitely valuable when considering their potential applications in the medical profession. While current legislative restrictions have halted the development of new ?stem cell lines? to any agency or company that receives any form of governmental grants, there is no question that the medical profession is standing at the brink of a new era of technological advancements in healthcare and research. Stem cells are valuable due to the fact that theyRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research852 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge of stem cell research has already created the ability for doctors to print a functional organ just as easily as people can print a persuasive research essay. With great medical advancements comes great controversy. The main way researchers have been studying stem cells is by harvesting undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Those who oppose embryonic stem cell research claim that stem cell harvesting damages and kills the un-born embryo; however, because of advancements in the stem cell harvesting

Opioid Substitution Treatment Barriers Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

ISSUES. Opioid permutation intervention is internationally recognised as the most effectual intercession available to handle opioid dependance. There is concern that capacity at public clinics and pharmaceuticss is deficient to run into high demand, ensuing in a cohort of opioid-dependent patients left untreated. We will write a custom essay sample on Opioid Substitution Treatment Barriers Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research has focussed on pharmaceutics barriers to OST bringing but small is known about the public clinic sector. APPROACH. A narrative reappraisal was conducted by thorough scrutiny of relevant literature in electronic databases ; Medline, CINAHL and Cochrane. Cardinal FINDINGS. Despite the enlargement of OST and vacancies in pharmaceuticss, some opioid-dependent patients continue to confront barriers that block entree to intervention. These barriers are varied and multi-faceted. For the patient, stigma and a compulsory dispensing fee are important deterrences to pharmacy dosing. For the druggist, negative behaviors associated with OST patients such as debt, larceny and aggressive behavior and full capacity are grounds that impede proviso of OST. In public clinics, the backlog of stable patients non being transferred to pharmacy dosing is a suspected barrier that has non been extensively investigated. IMPLICATIONS. Research has explored pharmaceutics and patient barriers to OST entree but less is known about the public clinic barriers. More research is warranted into public clinics to clarify possible barriers of all grades of the OST system. CONCLUSION. This reappraisal emphasises the dearth of research into OST bringing in public clinics. Further probe into the processs of OST in clinics is necessary and should concentrate on patient appraisal, referral and direction. Keywords: opioid permutation intervention, pharmaceutics, clinic Word count: 246 Researching barriers to opioid permutation intervention in pharmaceuticss and public clinics Introduction Opioid dependance carries a scope of important inauspicious wellness, economic and societal jobs to the person and wider community, including the hazard of overdose, the spread of infective diseases ( HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C ) , psychological jobs, drug-related offense, wellness impairment and household break [ 1, 2 ] . Opioid permutation intervention ( OST ) is internationally recognised as the most good and cost-efficient pharmacological intercession available for the intervention of opioid dependance [ 3, 4 ] . In response to an addition in the Australian population of heroin-dependent users in the 1990s [ 5, 6 ] the authorities introduced OST as a injury minimization scheme to understate these inauspicious effects [ 7 ] . Since so OST bringing has steadily increased under the National Pharmacotherapy Policy and National Drug Strategy [ 7, 8 ] . The figure of patients has risen in surplus of 2,000 clients per twelvemonth since 2007 and at the clip of authorship, there are pres ently over 46, 000 clients having intervention in Australia entirely [ 8 ] . In Australia, OST involves supervised day-to-day dosing of one of three long-acting opioid replacing medical specialties ( dolophine hydrochloride, buprenorphine or buprenorphine/naloxone ) . Most new patients are initiated into intervention by the doctor at a public clinic under the supervising of a nurse or instance director. In this scene they have entree to single instance direction, reding and specialist medical support at no charge. Once they become stabilised on intervention, patients are encouraged to reassign their dosing to a community pharmaceutics [ 2 ] , thereby emancipating their dosing topographic point at the public clinic for a new patient. There is a concern that this tract is non every bit smooth as it appears. As at June 2008, an estimated 41,000 opioid dependent people in the community were still unable to entree intervention and the job is declining [ 9 ] . Confusing the job is the fact that there is no bing agencies of measuring the precise demand for intervention and no systematic monitoring of waiting times in the pharmacotherapy system [ 9 ] . Proposed accounts for this issue are varied and multi-faceted. It is believed the system capacity at both the populace clinics and the community pharmaceutics degrees may non be sufficient to suit the high demand for OST, therefore the ground why an estimated 50 % heroin-users are non in intervention. Previous surveies have investigated the pharmaceutics barriers to OST but at that place appears to be a deficiency of research into the drug and intoxicant clinics [ 10, 11 ] . This reappraisal aims to research the literature refering to OST in Australia. In peculiar the reappraisal will look into the grounds for the â€Å" unmet demand † [ 9 ] of opioid dependant patients necessitating these services and the bing barriers to the proviso, entree and consumption of OST faced by both patients and healthcare suppliers. Method A narrative literature reappraisal was conducted by thorough scrutiny of the literature in 3 electronic databases Medline, CINAHL and Cochrane. The undermentioned keywords and phrases were searched: â€Å" opiate ( opioid ) permutation ( replacing ) intervention ( therapy ) † , â€Å" referral † , â€Å" dolophine hydrochloride † , â€Å" buprenorphine † , â€Å" pharmaceutics † , â€Å" drug and intoxicant clinic † , â€Å" drug wellness clinic † and â€Å" harm minimization † . The mentions of relevant literature were besides searched. Documents were eligible for inclusion if they were written in English and published between the old ages 2000 and 2012. Documents were excluded if they chiefly focused on detoxification plans, naltrexone intervention, dolophine hydrochloride for hurting alleviation or if they pertained to patients other than big opioid-dependent patients. A comprehensive hunt of Australian cyberspace resources was besides conducted. The primary sites were Australian national and province authorities wellness policy and statistics sites ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.druginfo.nsw.gov.au/ , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aihw.gov.au/ , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.nsw.gov.au/ , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhmrc.gov.au ) and the UNSW National Drug A ; Alcohol Research Centre ( NDARC ) . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Several surveies have shown OST to be associated with benefits including reduced illicit opioid usage, lower associated offense rates and improved wellness results [ 3, 12, 13 ] . It has besides been demonstrated to be more extremely cost-efficient than detoxification or rehabilitation [ 4 ] . In response to increasing demand, the figure of dosing sites in Australia has increased from 2,081 ( 2005-06 ) to 2,200 ( 2009-10 ) with the major addition being in the figure of new pharmaceuticss taking to offer OST services [ 8 ] . Community pharmaceuticss are the chief suppliers of OST in Australia, accounting for 43 % of OST patients in NSW. This is in line with other states such as the UK, France, Germany and New Zealand where pharmaceutics is emerging as a head of OST proviso [ 14-16 ] . Although pharmacy proviso of OST has expanded, there are still people who can non entree these dosing sites, restricted by certain barriers. The lone solid grounds of these people is on waiting lists, but presently in Australia there is no official demand to supervise waiting lists or capacity [ 9, 17-19 ] . Factors explicating the inability of OST plans to run into current demand are multifaceted and interconnected and scope from deficient figure of intervention topographic points depending on location to barriers faced by patients in accessing OST such as rural location or restricted dosing hours. Much research has focussed on the challenges faced by suppliers of OST services, viz. community pharmaceuticss, GPs and public clinics. OST in community pharmaceutics Community pharmaceutics histories for 43 % of OST patients in NSW. Most surveies on OST proviso are survey-based. In a study of NSW public clinic patients, 80 % of participants preferable pharmaceutics dosing over the clinic [ 20 ] . Benefits of pharmaceutics that have been cited in patient studies include greater community integrating, a more stable dosing environment, flexible dosing hours, less travel clip and cost ( the patient may be referred to a pharmaceutics closer to their reference ) and the chance for regular takeout doses [ 20-22 ] . Takeouts are extremely valued by opioid dependent patients as they facilitate the standardization of life [ 21 ] . Patients can devour their dosage unsupervised and the decreased frequence of dosing attending allows clients to prosecute employment and instruction chances and fulfil household duties. Sing they are merely routinely given to stable patients in community pharmaceuticss and non by and large in public clinics, takeouts are a major inducement to pharmaceutics dosing. Although demand and patient penchant for pharmaceutics dosing is high, patients may still confront barriers that deter them from come ining into pharmaceutics intervention. Stigma Whilst patients on OST reported high degrees of satisfaction, a common issue in dosing sites was the presence of negative staff opinion and stigma [ 10, 21, 22 ] . When Deering et Al. ( 2011 ) asked New Zealand OST patients how intervention could be improved, an overpowering bulk identified ‘better intervention by staff ‘ [ 10 ] . The position that staff behavior could be improved was supported in a study by Kehoe et Al. ( 2004 ) nevertheless contrastingly 80 % of respondents besides reported that staff intervention was satisfactory or first-class [ 21 ] . This disagreement suggests that whilst patients were overall satisfied with staff intervention, they still felt the demand for betterment. Financial load Another common hindrance to OST identified in the literature is the fiscal load of intervention faced by patients [ 11, 20, 22, 23 ] . Whilst intervention costs in NSW public clinics are to the full subsidised by the province authorities, pharmaceutics dosing incurs a hebdomadal dispensing fee runing from about $ 30- $ 35 [ 22 ] . In one survey, 32 % of public clinic patients surveyed claimed they could non afford the pharmaceutics distributing fees perchance explicating their involuntariness to reassign to pharmacy [ 20 ] . The balance were merely able to pay an mean $ 10 a hebdomad, an sum well lower than $ 33.56, the average hebdomadal dispensing fee reported by Lea et al [ 22 ] . The fact that 23 % pharmaceutics clients owed the pharmaceutics money for dosing [ 22 ] confirms that a significant figure of OST clients struggle to afford pharmaceutics distributing fees. The theoretical account used in Canberra in which 50 % of the distributing fee is subsidised, [ 24 ] is intended to ease the pecuniary load and act as an added inducement for intervention keeping or entryway. No surveies have yet evaluated the consequence of lower fees on patient keeping times. From the druggist perspective client debt likewise serves as a deterrence against the bringing of OST or uptake of new patients. Other jobs related to behavioral disinhibition, aggression, larceny and the negative impact on concern and other clients have all been identified as grounds impacting druggists ‘ proviso of OST [ 25, 26 ] . In contrast to pharmacist concerns, one survey in the UK interviewed pharmaceutics clients and found the bulk to be overall supportive of pharmaceuticss presenting drug user services [ 14 ] , with the specification that privateness was necessary. The demand for equal privateness is in line with OST patient positions [ 22 ] . However qualitative informations was sourced from interviews which may be skewed by interviewee disposition to give socially desirable replies. Role of the GP prescriber Another common job experienced by community druggists is the trouble reaching prescribers and the prescribing of takeout doses to unstable patients [ 26 ] . Pharmacists identified the hazard of recreation of takeout doses and hapless appraisal of stableness as issues that required improved interprofessional coaction with prescribers. Interestingly in one survey a bulk of druggists agreed that prescriber communicating was equal, nevertheless little sample size and the rural location which tends to further closer interprofessional relationships may be accountable [ 27 ] . Winstock et Al. ( 2010 ) recommends the public-service corporation of standardized resources such as the NSW Department of Health ‘Patient Journey Kits ‘ to steer multidisciplinary attention of OST patients [ 26, 28 ] . Another facet lending to system capacity is the reduced supply of prescribers for OST. GPs are frequently the first point of contact for opioid-dependent people. They are required to set about extra preparation to go commissioned opioid pharmacotherapy prescribers [ 29 ] . GPs play an intrinsic function in the initial showing, appraisal and on-going feedback and monitoring of OST clients. The issue lies in the ripening work force and the retirement of commissioned prescribers, thereby cut downing intervention entree [ 17 ] . Public clinics are the lone prescribing option but considerable barriers including full system capacity and the deficiency of motion of stable patients out of clinics into pharmaceuticss besides limit the public clinics ability to suit excess patients. Unexplained vacancies Despite grounds of an â€Å" unmet demand † [ 9 ] , a survey conducted by the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre ( NDARC ) found that more than half of OST-providing pharmaceuticss reported an norm of 7 vacancies to dose extra patients. Data extrapolation of to all NSW pharmaceuticss registered to present OST suggests that there are about 3000 vacant dosing topographic points across NSW. Whilst a 3rd of pharmaceuticss in the survey were runing at full capacity, some pharmaceuticss reported functioning no clients [ 18 ] . This spectrum of clients across registered pharmaceuticss and the being of current vacancies exemplify the underutilisation of community pharmaceutics dosing topographic points. However the fact that these vacancies may non ever be located where the demand is highest has to be taken into consideration. For illustration patient entree to intervention in rural locations is frequently restricted due to limited pharmaceutics Numberss and longer going distan ces [ 25 ] . From the literature, it appears NSW pharmaceuticss have the capacity to increase consumption of clients, with a possible 70 % of pharmaceuticss capable but non willing to supply OST services. Factors identified that would promote druggists to increase client Numberss include the stableness of the patient, higher fiscal additions per client and the option to instantly return unstable patients to public clinics [ 18 ] . However some public clinics expressed concern about taking back unstable patients, proposing there was no warrant of available dosing capacity, one time a new patient had been inducted [ 18 ] . OST in public clinics Entree to OST is determined by both the handiness of pharmaceuticss supplying OST every bit good as the capacity of public clinics to take on extra clients [ 19, 26 ] . However harmonizing to an expansive NSW state-wide study on OST by Winstock et Al. ( 2008 ) , there appears to be an underutilisation of available pharmaceutics dosing sites and limited capacity in public clinics [ 19 ] . Whilst the bulk of literature has focussed on pharmaceutics proviso of OST, relatively less research has been conducted into the public clinic grade of the OST system despite representing 19 % of dosing patients in NSW [ 8 ] . Public clinics have become an increasing country of involvement driven by studies that the motion of stable patients through the clinics out to community pharmaceuticss appears to be dead [ 17, 19 ] . This is ensuing in a backlog of patients barricading new patients from accessing intervention at the clinics. The proportion of stable patients transferred from the clinics to pharmaceuticss is estimated to be really low at 3-15 % a month [ 18 ] . Surveyed patients have cited a reluctance or inability to afford a dispensing fee and feeling dying about reassigning [ 20 ] as grounds against transportation. Precedence groups Intensifying the limited capacity of public clinics is the duty of supplying priority entree of vacancies to groups that meet standards stipulated under NSW Health directives [ 2, 7 ] . Cohorts include released captives, pregnant adult females, people with HIV, hepatitis B bearers and those on a recreation plan as ordered by the tribunal. [ 19 ] Similarly clients that show hazardous forms of illicit substance maltreatment such as those with mental unwellness and intoxicant dependance, or those that exhibit aggressive or antisocial behaviors are better managed at the public clinic instead than at a pharmaceutics. As a consequence many patients who do non run into ‘priority ‘ position are forced to wait. Obviously there is a demand to increase the efficient transportation rate of patients out to pharmaceuticss to do infinite for these clients. As antecedently mentioned, there is no consistent systematic process or set guidelines to help clinicians in covering with these iss ues and as of yet, no research has been conducted on their response to pull offing these issues. A 2008 SWAT study of NSW public clinics reported that when unable to offer immediate intervention, clinics either provided injury decrease advice referred to another public clinic, a private clinic or a GP, or offered detoxification. The assortment of actions and the effectivity of each have non been assessed and look to be decided upon at the discretion of the presiding OST practician at the clinic. Recommendations by the SWAT squad include developing a standardised response when a clinic can non offer a intervention topographic point to a client, and systematic monitoring of capacity to explicate more timely intervention in the hereafter [ 19 ] . Stability appraisal and referral processs An obstruction inherent to the pharmacotherapy system is the clinical appraisal of patient stableness and referral process. The triage function of stableness appraisal is usually coordinated by Nursing Unit of measurement Managers ( NUMs ) or a cardinal stakeholder in the public clinic and involves reexamining patient dosing history and behavior and placing those suited for transportation [ 30 ] . Currently no surveies into the clinical function or preparation of NUMs in OST proviso have been conducted. Soon determinations are guided by clinical opinion. The lone available counsel is limited to authorities policy, instead than scientific grounds and no standardized guidelines exist [ 30 ] . Whilst there are over 300 hazard appraisal instruments available to mensurate results of patients in drug and intoxicant intervention, no individual standardised attack has been nationally adopted or endorsed for OST [ 30 ] . A survey by Winstock et Al. ( 2009 ) found that execution of a province broad preparation plan improved client stableness appraisal with 25 % of staff increasing the figure of clients transferred out to community pharmaceutics [ 31 ] . However the objectiveness of this survey was affected as the method involved clinicians self-reporting cognition and accomplishments prior to and after preparation. However the survey provides preliminary grounds that acceptance of standardized appraisal processes increases the transparence of clinical determinations and can better entree to O ST [ 19, 31 ] . As above-named there appears to be underutilisation of community pharmaceutics OST services with some dosing at full capacity, whilst at the other terminal of the spectrum, some pharmaceuticss serve no patients. The bulk of pharmaceuticss reported vacancies. Whilst 75 % of clinics reportedly monitored available capacity within local pharmaceuticss, it is possible that the remainder are directing clients to overfilled dosing sites [ 18 ] . No formal survey has as of yet explored how clients refer and allocate patients to pharmaceuticss and how pharmaceuticss are selected. Decision From the reappraisal of the literature, there is grounds to propose that the current opioid permutation intervention capacity may non be sufficient to run into demand for intervention. Several barriers have been identified that restrict patient entree to intervention. Pharmacy barriers include the minority of community pharmaceuticss that opt in to present dosing, pharmacist reluctance to take on new patients due to perceived associated negative behaviors and old experiences and patient involuntariness or inability to pay the dispensing fee. The deficiency of prescribers is another aspect contributing to the decreased entree to available intervention. An country of involvement is the part of the public clinic grade of the OST system, nevertheless there is an evident dearth of research conducted into the direction of OST entree in public clinics. The dead flow of stable patients reassigning dosing from the public clinics to community pharmaceuticss is suspected to be impacting entree to intervention for new patients who do non run into precedence standards and are forced to wait. There is preliminary grounds to propose that a standardized attack to stability appraisal may ease stable patient transportation and liberate dosing sites in clinics for non-priority groups. Further research needs to be conducted into the stableness appraisal and referral processs of OST, the bing tools and processs and how effectual they will be in shuting the spread between demand and supply of OST. How to cite Opioid Substitution Treatment Barriers Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Influence and Impact on the Bio free essay sample

The Ecological systems theory was originated by the famous Urie Bronfenbrenner, who believed that children developed within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment (Berk, 2000). As we know the Bioecological Model system has four basic systems. Bronfenbrenner was one of the first people to embrace human development. He establishes this theory which influences many other social scientists to study human being and their environment. Through his study he acknowledges the importance of human being develop in which how children are raise. This system helps to recognizes that children develop from their family, school, home surrounding and society. In fact the ecological theory explains how the child environment affects how our children grow and develop. Although we as parents and even teachers seem to think that we know how our children grow, but as individuals do we fully understand what affect or enhance our children process of development. The first system that influences development is the Microsystems. The micro system refers to the child experiences with immediate interactions with others people. From the first part of the child life, the micro-system start within the home, involving only interactions with one or two people in the family. As the child continue to grow or age the micro-system start to get more complex, which involve more people in the child foe example, day-care center or attending school. Actually this part of the development includes things that a child may experience on a daily basis in his/her surrounding or environment. However, as the child constant interact with other; often determine how the child will grow and development. Furthermore, the more the parents, caregiver or individual encourage or nurture the relationship in the micro-system, the better the child will grow up. The micro-system explain that a lot of relationships one establish in this system, the more bidirectional influences on the child development, both toward and away from the child like the parents as well as the parents influence on the child. The second system is Mesosystem, which consist of an upper stage that connects between the different of the child or individual micro-system. Actually this explain the experiences between teachers and peers, parents and teachers, school and church, family with, peers, etc. Often in this structure children who does not have a strong relationship or even a connection, can feel rejected by their parents and could experiences difficulty developing relationships with others individuals The exosystems is the third structure of the system, which refers to the community level influences including fairly established norm, standards and social work (Gregson, 2001), it also include the workplace, and family members. For instance, in today economy where there are fewer jobs and because parents to get laid off can cause affect on the child, due to lower income in life style changes. This stage of Bronfenbrenner theory deals with all aspects or changes the child development that comes with limitations that acts on any part of the system. The fourth and last level is the Macro system, which describes the culture that the child lives in. This part of the system is the largest and most influences set of things and individuals on the child development. Urie, macro-system consists of the relationships between cultural values, norms government rights, beliefs, etc. The system influences the children or individual directly, but can also cause less motivation in the child setting, for instance capitalism ands socialism and religion whether it Christian, full gospel etc. He stated that â€Å"resources hazards, life styles, opportunity structures, life course options and patterns of social interchange† (Bronfenbrenner, 1993). Most of all the Bioecological Model of Human Development is the views that an individual develop within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple structures of the surrounding and environment. Bronfenbrenner model system is differing from each other in various ways. Take the micro-system it tell us that children are influences by neighborhood, school, family or the child care center, which carry a strong impact on the development. Study shows in this level how the child behavior affects the parents and the parents affect the child. He call these bidirectional influences and he conduct a study showing other scientists and teachers how they exist in the environment. Furthermore, the micro-system, bidirectional can be proven to have the greatest impact or influences on the child development. The mesosystem plays it part in the model system too. It differs by showing the connection between the children in the micro-system. These connections can be between the teacher and parent or the community and the church. The exosystem structure is differs, because it describe the larger connection within the system, which say that the child does not operation or function directly. However, it goes to explain that the development to some what interact with the micro-system. A noted before this can come from the parents, their workplace, the media and etc. The macro-system is differs, because it deals with the culture, economy, etc. This level enhances or shapes the child growth. According to research Bronfenbrenner create this system just to understand the mid and growth of an individual development. He was the leading researcher to review family political and economy structure influences the development of child into adulthood. Through his theory scientist, teachers, and individual can place emphasis on the nature and nurture common in children development. The Ecological Model System Theory tend to experiment the differences in the child knowledge, competencies and development through guidance and structure in the environment in which we live. Understanding the influences of these systems is the key concept of understanding how a child develops and points out leading concerns that can actually lead to failure. As a parents demands more work hours and often make work their first goals has been proven to impact the child development, because it reflect to less time to interact with the child. According to Bronfenbrenner this is a major destructive on the child. He proved that the micro-system break down the child growth or development causes them to have no interactions to discover difference part of their environment or society. In conducting this research it shows that a primary interaction or relationships are those that last a life span with the parents and certainly cannot be redeem with others. The Bioecological Model of Human Development explain that the greatest interaction or relationship is the best way for a child to development and parents or teachers need to support these interactions by creating an safe environment and nurtures families. According to research there are many outside influences that impact a child development. Actually a child behavior can affect by many factors emotional, social, environmental and biological. For example, social influence affects the child development by being or exposed to peers on a daily basis, which causes the child to be influence by them. By the child wanting to be or feel accepted among their peers the impact can cause or damage the way the child act in the home. However, Piaget says that social development â€Å"peer interactions are crucial to the child’s construction of social and moral feeling, values, and social and intellectual competence† (Piaget, 1932/1965). Another outside impact is emotional development. A child with emotional depression issues can affect the environment of the home as well as the school. Unfortunately, each day in school environment teachers are dealing with numerous of children with social and emotional problems. As parents are seeking advance help to face and deal with these issues, some schools counsels are becoming the first solution to those troubling problems. Due to the study it is better to unite with the family, school and community to understand the issues that lead to the child or individual social or emotional problems. Indeed with these issues or problems learning Bronfenbrenner systems and understanding the concepts of how it works, we can look for alternative sources within the systems to resolve these problems. Furthermore, a child home environment can impact a child behavior positively or negatively. His study show where there is domestic violence or disagreement in the home can cause harmful reactions that lead to a lack of security for the child. Even an unsafe school environment can have a negative affect on the child behavior too. One main concern that the school teachers are facing in the school system today is bullying that possession a huge impact on the child life. An example for the micro-system would be parents affect by the child behavior as well as the child can be effect or drawn forth by the parents genes or traits. This approach can be from an bidirectional experience in the environment. The micro-system is the inner layer of the environment made up on relationships and interactions in the child society or surrounding. The next example is mesosystem, which is the link and structure that connect between the micro-system. This connection can be between the knowledge or academic experiences in the environment, classroom or lifestyle. The exosystem level or structures give example of the primary family, parent workplace, media, etc. Although they may not have physical contact with it, the organization affects the child development in all aspects. The last example is the macro-system, which is the outer layer of the bioecological model system. The macro-system often explain how values, laws and culture in the child development. Mainly it requires high expectation for the child and parents workplace. With this structure children with a strong belief or religion background will be strongly influences by the parents. According to research conduct this model is impact by the whole systems, which can be indirect, but still can hold a powerful influence on the individual. The child is the center of attention in this theory. The systems of model acknowledge that a child can be affected by the setting of their surrounding. From the research so far, one can conclude that a child family setting is very important, because this is where the child spends a large amount of their time. Other influences that are important to the systems structures are teachers, community, and peers. A child’s development as we all know is determined by the experiences in the home in the environment. By teaching the child appropriate ways to behave, talking and reading to them, and providing equipment and material, so they can interact with others has positive influences on the child and also help to enhance the development process. The negative affect of this theory is parents not spending enough time with the child and teachers who are not use this theory to enhance their teaching skills to advance their knowledge on how child body and mind development. Urie Bronfenbrenner, bioecological system simple break down all the things we need to know about how we development. This theory would be a great approach for teachers today to understand why our children are impact and influences by people, belief, values, community, church, government, school and family in our society. Unfortunately, teachers need to be aware of the differ factors that influences the child personality, just as well as they need to identify the behavior in the classroom. In conclusion, although we as parents and teachers seem to think that we know how children development, according to the bioecological model systems there more to child influences than just the home and schools environment. The key factor of this theory is to help children develop into adults, molding them for the future. As the theory focus on the outcome of wishing that children reach their goal. Scientists are constantly finding ways to improve and enhance the human development process. Bronfenbrenner design this systems to help understand children growth process, he emphasized that it is necessary to observe the child behavior and reaction in the community and society. In fact the systems allow researcher to discover some interesting points about why children hold positive and negative attitudes in life. The model systems deals with human development as a whole it language, cognitive, social, emotional, physical, and creative development.